Differential dominance occurs when genes associated with several phenotypes (pleiotropic genes) show different modes of inheritance (e.g., recessive, dominant or overdominant) depending on the phenotype. This study reveals that differential sensitivity to gene expression levels can mediate differential dominance, which can be a significant challenge for standard transgenic techniques commonly used to elucidate gene function.

Our own unique character traits make our behavior consistent and define our individuality. Yet, this consistency does not entail that we behave repetitively like machines. Like humans, animals also combine personality traits with spontaneity to produce adaptive behavior: consistent, but not fully predictable. Here, we study an iconically rigid behavioral trait – insect phototaxis – that that nevertheless also contains both components of individuality and spontaneity. In a light/dark T-maze, approximately 70% of a group of Drosophila fruit flies choose the bright arm of the T-Maze, while the remaining 30% walk into the dark. Taking the photopositive and the photonegative subgroups and re-testing them reveals the spontaneous component: a similar 70-30 distribution emerges in each of the two subgroups. Increasing the number of choices to ten choices, reveals the individuality component: flies with extremely negative first choices were more likely to show photonegative behavior in subsequent choices and vice versa . General behavioral traits, independent of light/dark preference, contributed to the development of this individuality. The interaction of individuality and spontaneity together explains why group averages, even for such seemingly stereotypical behaviors, are poor predictors of individual choices. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.